Net-HOWTO

Introduction

This is the first release of the GOLEM Network Howto, this document aims to be a sort of unofficial update of the Linux Networking Howto.

General Information about Networking

Sources of non-linux-specific network information

If you are looking for general TCP/IP networking information, here you can find some resources:

• IBM TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Overview

IPv4 Addresses

Internet Protocol v4 Addresses are composed of 4 bytes (32 bit), each byte is converted to a decimal number (0-255) and bytes are separated by a . (dot), for this reason IPv4 addresses are limits to near 4 billions (2³²). Usually every network interface has its own IP address in a format like this: 192.168.0.5

Subnetting

Addresses in a network have some digits in common, that part is called the network portion of the address, the remaining numbers are called the host portion.

For example:

           -----------------  ---------------
           Host Address       192.168.0.23
           Network Portion    192.168.0.
           Host portion                .23
           -----------------  ---------------
           Network Address    192.168.0.0
           Broadcast Address  192.168.0.255
           -----------------  ---------------

Subnetting is a way to subdivide an TCP/IP network. The Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) is the current method for defining subnet, the IP address is followed by a prefix number between 0 and 32 that shows how many bits represent the network.

192.168.0.23/24 => network 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.0.255
192.168.0.23/16 => network 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255

This method replace the obsolete classful network addressing architecture.

The maximum number of addresses of a network may be calculated as 2^{32 − prefix number}

CIDR	Classful network mask	Number of Hosts	Typical use
/8	255.0.0.0	16777214 = 224 - 2	Largest IANA block allocation
/9	255.128.0.0	8388608 = 223
/10	255.192.0.0	4194304 = 222
/11	255.224.0.0	2097152 = 221
/12	255.240.0.0	1048576 = 220
/13	255.248.0.0	524288 = 219
/14	255.252.0.0	262144 = 218
/15	255.254.0.0	131072 = 217
/16	255.255.0.0	65536 = 216
/17	255.255.128.0	32768 = 215	ISP / large business
/18	255.255.192.0	16384 = 214	ISP / large business
/19	255.255.224.0	8192 = 213	ISP / large business
/20	255.255.240.0	4096 = 212	Small ISP / large business
/21	255.255.248.0	2048 = 211	Small ISP / large business
/22	255.255.252.0	1024 = 210
/23	255.255.254.0	512 = 29
/24	255.255.255.0	256 = 28	Large LAN
/25	255.255.255.128	128 = 27	Large LAN
/26	255.255.255.192	64 = 26	Small LAN
/27	255.255.255.224	32 = 25	Small LAN
/28	255.255.255.240	16 = 24	Small LAN
/29	255.255.255.248	8 = 2³	The smallest multi-host network
/30	255.255.255.252	4 = 2²	Point-to-point links (glue network)
/31	255.255.255.254	2 = 21	Point-to-point network (RFC 3021)
/32	255.255.255.255	1 = 20	Single host

Traffic between subnets is guaranteed by routers.

Network Configuration

Driver

Modern Linux distributions already include driver for most of LAN and WiFi devices. Otherwise try to upgrade your OS or compile and install a newer kernel.

Network tools

iproute2: IP Routing Utilities

nftables: Linux kernel packet control tool (firewall)

iputils: arping, clockdiff, ping, tracepath

Legacy tools

net-tools: configuration tools for Linux networking (arp, ifconfig, ipmaddr, iptunnel, mii-tool, nameif, netstat, plipconfig, rarp, route, slattach)

iptables: Linux kernel packet control tool (firewall)

Network Application Programs

Most common network application programs are collected in the inetutils package: dnsdomainname, ftp, ftpd, hostname, ifconfig, ping, rcp, rlogin, rlogind, rsh, rshd, talk, talkd, telnet, telnetd, whois

Setup LAN Interfaces

Predictable Network Interface Names

Starting with v197 systemd assign fixed and predictable network interface names for all local network devices instead of the traditional eth0, eth1, wlan0 which may change after a reboot post kernel update. This feature simplify the system management and fix potential security implications e.g., changing firewall rules.

These names are based on hardware firmware/topology/location information and they stay fixed even if hardware is added or removed.

Prefix	Description
en	Ethernet
ib	InfiniBand
sl	Serial line IP (slip)
wl	Wireless local area network (WLAN)
ww	Wireless wide area network (WWAN)

eth0 could be renamed enp6s0: en (ethernet) + p6 (bus 6) + s0 (slot 0)

Manual managing

The following commands activates the enp6s0 interface with the IP 192.168.0.2, for the subnet 192.168.0.1-255, using the router-gateway 192.168.0.1

# ip addr add 192.168.0.2/24 dev enp6s0
# ip route add default via 192.168.0.1

For a non fixed IP address in a LAN with a DHCP server just run

# dhcpcd enp6s0

Useful commands

Show devices IP addresses

# ip addr

Show information of a specific interface

# ip addr show enp6s0

Add IP addresses on a device

# ip addr add 192.0.2.10/24 dev enp6s0

Delete a device IP

# ip addr delete 192.0.2.10/24 dev enp6s0

Enabling the interface enp6s0 without specifying an IP

# ip link set dev enp6s0 up

Disabling the interface enp6s0

# ip link set dev enp6s0 down

Set 192.168.0.2 as default gateway for the host

# ip route add default via 192.0.2.1

Add the gateway 192.168.0.1 route for the interfaces enp2s0 10.0.2.0

# ip route add 10.0.2.1/24 via 192.168.0.1 dev enp2s0

Remove the gateway 192.168.0.1 route for the interfaces enp2s0 10.0.2.0

# ip route del 10.0.2.0/24 via 192.168.0.1 dev enp2s0 

Show the routing table

# ip route show

configuration files

Systemd-networkd

systemd-networkd è un demone, parte di systemd, che gestisce la configurazione della rete.

Per prima cosa sarà necessario abilitare il servizio

# systemctl enable --now systemd-networkd.service
# systemctl enable --now systemd-resolved.service
# ln -rsf /run/systemd/resolve/stub-resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf

DHCP

/etc/systemd/network/20-wired.network

[Match]
Name=enp1s0
[Network]
DHCP=yes

IP statico

/etc/systemd/network/20-wired.network

[Match]
Name=enp1s0
[Network]
Address=10.1.10.9/24
Gateway=10.1.10.1
DNS=10.1.10.1

Wireless adapter

Per potersi connettere a connessioni WIFI è necessario installare e configurare un'ulteriore applicazione dedicata come iwd o wpa_supplicant per l'autenticazione alla rete.

/etc/systemd/network/25-wireless.network

[Match]
Name=wlp2s0
[Network]
DHCP=yes
IgnoreCarrierLoss=3s

Rinominare l'interfaccia di rete

Invece che impostare una regola su udev è possibile usare un file di testo .link nel seguente modo

/etc/systemd/network/10-ethusb0.link

[Match]
MACAddress=12:34:56:78:90:ab
[Link]
Description=USB to Ethernet Adapter
Name=ethusb0

https://wiki.golem.linux.it/Appunti_Arch_Linux#Networking

Bibliography

Linux Networking HOWTO